15 September

THE DANGERS OF TSUNAMIS: CAUSES, WARNING SIGNS AND HOW TO STAY SAFE

A tsunami is a series of powerful ocean waves caused by a sudden displacement of a large volume of seawater. Unlike ordinary waves generated by wind, tsunamis can travel across entire ocean basins and cause severe flooding, destructive currents and widespread damage when they reach coastal areas.

Tsunamis can arrive with little warning, particularly when the source is close to the coastline. Understanding their causes, natural warning signs and evacuation procedures can save lives.

WHAT IS A TSUNAMI?

A tsunami is not simply one giant wave. It is generally a series of waves generated when a large volume of water is suddenly displaced.

In deep ocean water, tsunami waves may not appear particularly high, but they can travel extremely rapidly. As they approach shallow coastal waters, their speed decreases and the wave energy can cause the water level to rise dramatically.

A tsunami can therefore affect coastal areas far from the original source.

WHAT CAUSES A TSUNAMI?

1. UNDERSEA EARTHQUAKES

The most common cause of tsunamis is a large earthquake beneath or near the ocean.

However, not every earthquake produces a tsunami.

For a major tsunami to develop, the earthquake generally needs to cause significant vertical displacement of the seafloor, moving a large volume of seawater. Shallow earthquakes involving certain types of fault movement are particularly capable of generating tsunamis.

2. UNDERWATER LANDSLIDES

Large landslides beneath the ocean can suddenly displace seawater and generate tsunami waves.

An earthquake can sometimes trigger an underwater landslide, creating an additional tsunami hazard even when the earthquake itself does not produce a large tsunami directly.

3. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Volcanic activity can also generate tsunamis.

Possible mechanisms include:

Underwater volcanic eruptions
Collapse of volcanic islands
Large volcanic landslides
Sudden displacement of water caused by volcanic material

These events can produce particularly dangerous tsunamis near the volcano or island.

4. COASTAL OR SUBAERIAL LANDSLIDES

A very large landslide entering the sea can displace water rapidly and create tsunami waves.

This is more likely to produce a local or regional tsunami rather than an ocean-wide event, depending on the size and location of the landslide.

WHY ARE TSUNAMIS SO DANGEROUS?

The danger comes from much more than the height of the waves.

A tsunami can produce:

Rapid coastal flooding
Extremely powerful currents
Debris carried by floodwater
Destruction of buildings
Damage to roads and bridges
Destruction of boats and ports
Coastal erosion
Contamination of drinking water
Injuries and drowning
Displacement of communities

Tsunami water can travel considerably inland, depending on the coastal terrain and characteristics of the event.

1. DROWNING

Drowning is one of the most serious dangers during a tsunami.

People can be swept away by rapidly moving water even when the water does not initially appear extremely deep.

Strong currents can also pull people into:

Buildings
Vehicles
Trees
Walls
Rocks
Other debris

2. POWERFUL WATER CURRENTS

Tsunami currents can be extremely powerful.

Even after the first wave has passed, currents may continue moving back and forth as subsequent waves arrive.

This makes coastal waters extremely dangerous during a tsunami event.

3. FLYING AND FLOATING DEBRIS

Floodwater can carry almost anything in its path.

Examples include:

Cars
Boats
Timber
Building materials
Glass
Metal
Household objects
Broken infrastructure

These objects can cause serious injuries or death.

4. BUILDING COLLAPSE

Strong tsunami currents can damage or destroy buildings, especially structures close to the shoreline or in areas exposed to severe flooding.

Damaged buildings may also become unstable after the water recedes.

People should not enter damaged structures until authorities determine that they are safe.

5. COASTAL FLOODING

A tsunami can cause seawater to move far beyond the normal shoreline.

Flooding can affect:

Homes
Hotels
Schools
Roads
Ports
Businesses
Agricultural land
Electrical infrastructure
Water supplies

Low-lying coastal communities are particularly vulnerable.

6. CONTAMINATION OF WATER AND FOOD

Tsunami flooding can contaminate drinking-water supplies with:

Sewage
Saltwater
Chemicals
Fuel
Waste
Mud
Other pollutants

Food that has come into contact with tsunami floodwater should not be consumed. People should follow official instructions regarding drinking-water safety after a tsunami.

7. FIRES AND SECONDARY HAZARDS

A tsunami can damage:

Electrical systems
Gas pipelines
Fuel storage facilities
Industrial facilities

This can create secondary hazards such as fires, chemical spills and electrical dangers.

8. DAMAGE TO TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS

Tsunamis can destroy or damage:

Roads
Bridges
Railways
Airports
Ports
Telecommunications infrastructure

This can make rescue and evacuation more difficult.

NATURAL WARNING SIGNS OF A TSUNAMI

One of the most important things to understand is that you may receive no official warning before a locally generated tsunami arrives.

Therefore, people near the coast should recognise natural warning signs.

UNESCO identifies three particularly important signs: FEEL, SEE and HEAR.

1. FEEL: A STRONG OR LONG EARTHQUAKE

If you are near the coast and experience:

A very strong earthquake
Shaking that makes it difficult to stand
Long-lasting earthquake shaking

you should immediately move away from the coast and head to higher ground.

Do not wait for an official tsunami warning if the earthquake itself is a natural warning sign. A locally generated tsunami may reach the coastline within minutes.

2. SEE: THE SEA SUDDENLY RISES OR FALLS

One unusual warning sign is a sudden change in sea level.

The sea may:

Suddenly retreat from the shoreline
Expose rocks or parts of the seabed
Suddenly rise
Move unusually far inland

A sudden retreat of the sea can be a natural warning that a tsunami is approaching.

Do not go to the shoreline to investigate.

Immediately move inland or to higher ground.

3. HEAR: A LOUD ROARING SOUND FROM THE SEA

An approaching tsunami can sometimes produce an unusual loud roaring or rushing sound.

It may sound similar to:

A powerful roar
A train
An aircraft

If you hear an unusual sound coming from the sea together with other warning signs, move away from the coast immediately.

OFFICIAL TSUNAMI WARNINGS

Authorities may issue tsunami information through systems such as:

Emergency alerts
Sirens
Radio
Television
Official websites
Mobile alerts
Official social-media channels

However, official warnings should not be your only source of protection. If you experience a strong or long earthquake near the coast, or observe an unusual sudden rise or fall in sea level, evacuate immediately rather than waiting for an official message.

WHAT TO DO WHEN A TSUNAMI WARNING IS ISSUED

1. MOVE TO HIGHER GROUND

Leave low-lying coastal areas immediately.

Move:

Away from the coast + inland + uphill

Follow designated evacuation routes whenever possible.

2. DO NOT WAIT TO COLLECT YOUR BELONGINGS

During an evacuation, your priority should be your life.

Do not delay evacuation to collect:

Money
Electronics
Clothing
Vehicles
Other possessions

3. IF HIGH GROUND IS NOT AVAILABLE

If you cannot reach higher natural ground, UNESCO advises considering evacuation to an upper floor or roof of a strong, reinforced concrete building where appropriate.

This should be considered only when normal evacuation to safer ground is not possible.

NEVER GO TO THE BEACH TO WATCH A TSUNAMI

This is one of the most dangerous mistakes people can make.

When the sea suddenly retreats, some people may become curious and walk toward the shoreline.

Do not do this.

The retreating water may be followed by a powerful tsunami wave.

If you can see an approaching tsunami from the shoreline, you may already be dangerously close to it.

A TSUNAMI IS NOT JUST ONE WAVE

Another important misconception is that the first wave is necessarily the largest or most dangerous.

A tsunami generally consists of multiple waves.

Later waves may be larger or more destructive than the first.

Dangerous currents and wave activity can continue for hours.

Therefore:

Never return to the coast immediately after the first wave.

Wait until authorities issue an official all-clear.

WHAT TO DO AFTER A TSUNAMI

Once the tsunami has passed:

1. STAY IN A SAFE LOCATION

Do not return to the coast simply because the water appears calm.

Wait for official instructions.

2. AVOID FLOODWATER

Tsunami floodwater may contain:

Sewage
Chemicals
Sharp objects
Electrical hazards
Dead animals
Broken glass
Structural debris

Avoid walking or swimming through contaminated floodwater.

3. DO NOT ENTER DAMAGED BUILDINGS

Buildings may have:

Structural damage
Electrical hazards
Gas leaks
Unstable walls
Contaminated water

Return home only when authorities say it is safe.

4. CHECK ON FAMILY AND NEIGHBOURS

If it is safe to do so, help injured or vulnerable people and contact emergency services for those requiring assistance.

Give particular attention to:

Children
Older adults
People with disabilities
Injured people

HOW TO PREPARE BEFORE A TSUNAMI

Preparation is one of the most effective ways to reduce tsunami-related deaths.

1. KNOW WHETHER YOU LIVE IN A TSUNAMI-RISK AREA

If you live, work or travel near the coast, learn:

Tsunami hazard zones
Evacuation routes
Evacuation centres
High-ground locations
Emergency assembly areas

UNESCO recommends identifying evacuation routes and safe areas in advance.

2. PREPARE AN EMERGENCY BAG

An emergency bag can contain:

Drinking water
Non-perishable food
First-aid supplies
Essential medication
Flashlight
Batteries
Power bank
Radio
Important documents
Basic clothing
Whistle

Keep important documents in waterproof containers where possible.

3. CREATE A FAMILY EVACUATION PLAN

Families should decide in advance:

Where to evacuate
Where to meet
How to contact each other
Which route to use
What to do if family members are separated

Practising the evacuation route can make it easier to react quickly during a real emergency.

HOW TO REDUCE TSUNAMI RISK AT COMMUNITY LEVEL

Tsunamis cannot be prevented, but their impact can be reduced.

1. EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS

Tsunami detection and warning systems can provide valuable time for people to evacuate.

2. EVACUATION PLANNING

Coastal communities should have:

Clearly marked evacuation routes
Evacuation maps
Assembly areas
Warning systems
Regular emergency exercises

3. LAND-USE PLANNING

Development in highly exposed coastal areas can increase the number of people and assets at risk.

Planning communities with tsunami hazards in mind can reduce future losses.

4. TSUNAMI-RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE

Depending on local conditions, communities can use appropriate engineering measures and resilient infrastructure to reduce damage.

USGS notes that tsunami risk reduction involves a combination of land-use planning, engineering, mitigation, preparedness, warnings and exercises rather than relying on one measure alone.

TSUNAMI SAFETY: DO'S AND DON'TS

DO	DON'T
Move to higher ground after natural warning signs	Don't wait for an official warning if you feel a strong/long coastal earthquake
Move inland away from the coast	Don't go to the beach to watch the waves
Follow official evacuation routes	Don't return after the first wave
Take emergency supplies if this does not delay evacuation	Don't waste time collecting belongings
Stay in the safe zone until the all-clear	Don't assume the danger is over after one wave
Follow official instructions	Don't enter damaged buildings
Help vulnerable people when safe	Don't walk or swim through contaminated floodwater

A SIMPLE RULE TO REMEMBER

For people near the coast, remember:

FEEL → SEE → HEAR → RUN

FEEL: Feel a strong or long earthquake.
SEE: See the sea suddenly rise or fall.
HEAR: Hear an unusual loud roar from the sea.
RUN: Move immediately to higher ground or as far inland as possible.

Do not wait to investigate what is happening.

FINAL THOUGHTS

A tsunami is one of the most dangerous natural hazards affecting coastal communities. It can be triggered by undersea earthquakes, underwater landslides, volcanic activity and large landslides entering the sea.

The greatest dangers include drowning, powerful currents, coastal flooding, floating debris, building destruction, contaminated water and damage to essential infrastructure.

The most important protection is rapid evacuation. If you are near the coast and experience a strong or unusually long earthquake, see a sudden rise or fall in sea level, or hear an unusual roaring sound from the sea, move immediately to higher ground or inland. Do not wait for an official warning.

Most importantly, remember that a tsunami usually consists of multiple waves, and the first wave is not necessarily the largest. Remain in a safe location until authorities officially declare that the danger has passed.

Disclaimer: This article is intended for general disaster-preparedness education. During an actual tsunami emergency, always follow instructions from your local emergency and disaster-management authorities.

THE DANGERS OF VOLCANIC ASH AND VOLCANIC GAS: CAUSES, HEALTH EFFECTS AND HOW TO PROTECT YOURSELF

Volcanic eruptions are natural events that can release volcanic ash, gases, rock fragments, lava and steam into the atmosphere. Among these hazards, volcanic ash and volcanic gases can travel beyond the immediate eruption area and affect people who may not be directly exposed to lava or the volcano itself.

Breathing volcanic ash and gases can irritate the eyes and respiratory system. At sufficiently high concentrations, some volcanic gases can cause severe breathing problems, unconsciousness and even death. People with asthma, chronic lung disease, heart disease, young children and older adults may be particularly vulnerable.

WHAT ARE VOLCANIC ASH AND VOLCANIC GAS?

1. VOLCANIC ASH

Volcanic ash is made up of extremely small particles of pulverised rock, minerals and volcanic material produced during an eruption.

Despite its name, volcanic ash is not ordinary ash from a fire. It can be hard, abrasive and sometimes corrosive. Fine particles can become airborne and be inhaled into the respiratory system. Some volcanic ash may also contain crystalline silica, which can be harmful to the lungs.

Volcanic ash can:

Irritate the nose and throat
Trigger coughing
Cause breathing difficulties
Irritate the eyes
Worsen asthma
Reduce visibility
Contaminate water and food
Damage machinery and vehicles
Accumulate on roofs and potentially contribute to structural collapse

2. VOLCANIC GASES

Volcanoes can release several gases during eruptions and periods of volcanic activity.

Important volcanic gases include:

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)
Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
Hydrogen fluoride (HF)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Water vapour

The amounts and combinations of gases vary from one volcano and eruption to another.

Some volcanic gases can be particularly dangerous because they may be colourless or difficult to detect without specialised equipment.

WHAT IS VOLCANIC SMOG OR "VOG"?

Another important volcanic air-pollution phenomenon is known as vog, short for volcanic smog.

Vog can form when volcanic gases, particularly sulfur dioxide, react with oxygen, moisture and sunlight in the atmosphere, producing fine acidic aerosol particles.

These particles can travel with the wind and affect air quality in areas some distance from the volcano.

Vog may cause:

Watery eyes
Sore throat
Headache
Coughing
Breathing difficulties
Chest discomfort
Worsening asthma symptoms
General tiredness

WHAT CAUSES VOLCANIC ASH AND GAS?

1. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

The primary source is an active volcanic eruption.

When pressure and gases build inside a volcano, magma and volcanic material can be expelled through the volcanic vent.

Explosive eruptions can send ash and gases high into the atmosphere.

2. MAGMA-GAS INTERACTIONS

Magma contains dissolved gases. As magma rises toward the surface, pressure decreases and gases can escape.

These gases can contribute to volcanic emissions even before a major eruption occurs.

3. LAVA FLOWS

Lava can release gases as it reaches the surface.

Even when an eruption does not produce a large explosive ash cloud, volcanic gases can still create air-quality problems.

4. VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AFTER AN ERUPTION

Volcanic hazards do not necessarily disappear immediately after an eruption.

Ash may remain on the ground and become airborne again because of:

Wind
Vehicles
Human activity
Construction
Cleaning activities

Volcanic gases may also continue to be released from active volcanic areas.

WHY ARE VOLCANIC ASH AND GASES DANGEROUS?

The danger depends on several factors, including:

The type of volcanic material
Concentration of ash or gases
Duration of exposure
Distance from the volcano
Wind direction
Weather conditions
Individual health conditions

A person close to a volcanic eruption may face much higher concentrations than someone farther away.

Heavy gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide can also accumulate in low-lying or poorly ventilated areas, creating potentially dangerous conditions.

HEALTH EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ASH

1. EYE IRRITATION

Volcanic ash can irritate the eyes because the particles can be abrasive.

Possible symptoms include:

Red eyes
Watery eyes
Burning sensation
Itching
Eye pain
Increased sensitivity

Larger or sharp particles can potentially scratch the surface of the eye.

2. NOSE AND THROAT IRRITATION

Inhaling ash can irritate the upper respiratory tract.

A person may experience:

Sneezing
Runny nose
Nasal irritation
Dry throat
Sore throat
Burning sensation in the throat

3. COUGHING

Coughing is one of the common responses to inhaled volcanic ash and gases.

The cough may be:

Dry
Persistent
Irritating
Accompanied by phlegm
Worse after prolonged exposure

4. WHEEZING

Fine particles and volcanic gases can irritate and narrow the airways.

This may result in wheezing, particularly among people with asthma or other respiratory conditions.

5. SHORTNESS OF BREATH

Higher exposure can result in difficulty breathing.

A person may feel:

Unable to breathe comfortably
Tightness in the chest
Breathlessness while walking
Difficulty taking a deep breath

Severe exposure to volcanic gases can cause serious respiratory distress.

HEALTH EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC GASES

Different gases can affect the body in different ways.

SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO₂)

Sulfur dioxide is an important volcanic gas that can irritate:

Eyes
Nose
Throat
Airways

It can cause breathing difficulties and may worsen asthma and other respiratory diseases.

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO₂)

Carbon dioxide is normally present in the atmosphere, but extremely high concentrations can be dangerous.

Because CO₂ is heavier than air, it can accumulate in low-lying or poorly ventilated areas.

Very high concentrations can lead to:

Headache
Dizziness
Confusion
Loss of consciousness
Suffocation

HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H₂S)

Hydrogen sulfide is another volcanic gas that can be hazardous at high concentrations.

Exposure can cause symptoms such as:

Eye irritation
Headache
Dizziness
Breathing difficulties

Very high concentrations can be life-threatening.

HYDROGEN FLUORIDE (HF)

Hydrogen fluoride can be released by some volcanic eruptions.

It can irritate the respiratory tract and can contaminate ash and the surrounding environment.

The risks vary significantly according to the eruption and local conditions.

VOLCANIC ASH AND ASTHMA

People with asthma can be especially sensitive to volcanic ash and gases.

Exposure may trigger:

Coughing
Wheezing
Chest tightness
Shortness of breath
Asthma attacks

People with asthma should follow their prescribed asthma action plan and reduce exposure as much as possible during volcanic air-pollution events.

WHO IS MOST AT RISK?

Although volcanic ash and gases can affect anyone, some people may be more vulnerable.

These include:

Children and babies

Their respiratory systems are still developing.

Older adults

Older people may have a higher likelihood of underlying respiratory or cardiovascular conditions.

People with asthma

Volcanic ash and sulfur dioxide can aggravate asthma symptoms.

People with chronic lung disease

People with COPD, emphysema or other chronic respiratory illnesses may experience worsening symptoms.

People with heart disease

Air pollution and respiratory stress can place additional strain on people with cardiovascular conditions.

Pregnant women

Pregnant women should follow official health and evacuation advice during volcanic emergencies.

CDC specifically identifies children, older adults and people with respiratory conditions as groups that may experience greater problems from volcanic ash exposure.

OTHER DANGERS CAUSED BY VOLCANIC ASH

The danger is not limited to human health.

1. REDUCED VISIBILITY

Ash and volcanic smog can significantly reduce visibility.

This can increase the risk of:

Road accidents
Aviation problems
Difficulty navigating outdoors

Vog can also reduce visibility for road, air and marine transportation.

2. WATER CONTAMINATION

Volcanic ash and chemicals can contaminate water supplies.

People should follow local authorities' instructions regarding drinking-water safety after an eruption.

3. ROOF COLLAPSE

A thick layer of wet volcanic ash can become extremely heavy.

Large accumulations on roofs can damage buildings or contribute to roof collapse.

4. DAMAGE TO VEHICLES AND MACHINERY

Volcanic ash can be abrasive and can enter engines and mechanical systems.

Driving through heavy ashfall can stir ash back into the air and increase exposure.

It can also clog vehicle engines and cause mechanical problems.

HOW TO PROTECT YOURSELF FROM VOLCANIC ASH AND GAS

1. FOLLOW OFFICIAL WARNINGS

This is the most important step.

Follow instructions from:

Local authorities
Emergency services
Disaster-management agencies
Health authorities
Volcanic monitoring agencies

If an evacuation order is issued, leave the area according to official instructions.

2. STAY INDOORS WHEN ADVISED

If ash is falling and authorities advise sheltering indoors:

Close windows
Close doors
Close other openings
Keep outside air from entering unnecessarily
Avoid unnecessary outdoor activities

CDC recommends keeping windows and doors closed to reduce exposure to ash and gases.

3. USE A PROPER RESPIRATOR

If you must go outside during ashfall, a properly fitted NIOSH-approved N95 respirator can reduce inhalation of volcanic ash particles.

However, an important distinction is necessary:

An N95 respirator filters particles but does not filter toxic gases and vapours.

Therefore, wearing an N95 does not make it safe to enter an area containing dangerous concentrations of volcanic gas. The safest approach is to avoid the contaminated area and follow evacuation or shelter instructions.

4. PROTECT YOUR EYES

Wear protective goggles when ash is present, particularly during outdoor activities or cleanup.

Avoid rubbing your eyes if ash gets into them.

5. COVER YOUR SKIN

Wear:

Long-sleeved clothing
Long trousers
Closed footwear

This can help reduce skin irritation from ash and volcanic material.

6. AVOID LOW-LYING AREAS

During volcanic activity, avoid low-lying areas when instructed by authorities because some volcanic gases, particularly heavier gases, can accumulate there.

7. AVOID UNNECESSARY DRIVING

Driving during heavy ashfall can:

Reduce visibility
Increase accident risk
Stir ash into the air
Damage vehicle engines

If authorities advise against travelling, stay where you are or evacuate according to official instructions.

HOW TO CLEAN VOLCANIC ASH SAFELY

Volcanic ash should not simply be treated like ordinary household dust.

When cleaning:

Wear an appropriate respirator.
Wear protective goggles.
Cover exposed skin.
Avoid unnecessary exposure.
Follow local cleanup instructions.
Be careful on roofs because ash can make surfaces slippery.
Be aware that accumulated ash can be extremely heavy.

If ash has accumulated heavily on a roof, professional assistance may be safer than attempting to clean it yourself.

WHAT SHOULD YOU DO IF YOU EXPERIENCE SYMPTOMS?

If you develop eye, nose or throat irritation while exposed to volcanic gases or fumes, move away from the contaminated area immediately.

Symptoms caused by gas exposure may improve when exposure stops. If symptoms persist, seek medical attention.

For people with asthma or chronic respiratory disease, follow the treatment plan provided by their healthcare professional.

WHEN IS IT AN EMERGENCY?

Seek emergency medical attention if someone develops:

Severe difficulty breathing
Severe shortness of breath
Rapid or difficult breathing
Severe dizziness
Confusion
Loss of consciousness
Severe chest symptoms
Bluish lips or skin
Symptoms that rapidly worsen

Very high concentrations of some volcanic gases can cause unconsciousness and death.

PREPARING BEFORE A VOLCANIC ERUPTION

People living near active volcanoes should prepare before an eruption occurs.

A basic emergency kit can include:

Drinking water
Emergency food
Essential medications
First-aid supplies
Flashlight
Extra batteries
Battery-powered radio
N95 respirators
Protective goggles
Sturdy shoes
Important documents

It is also useful to know:

Evacuation routes
Emergency shelters
Local warning systems
Where family members should meet
Which authorities provide official updates

CDC recommends preparing both an evacuation plan and a sheltering plan before an eruption.

VOLCANIC ASH VS VOLCANIC GAS

Hazard	Main concern	Possible effects
Volcanic ash	Fine particles entering the respiratory system	Coughing, throat irritation, breathing problems, eye irritation
Sulfur dioxide	Irritation of airways	Coughing, wheezing, breathing difficulties
Carbon dioxide	Accumulation in low areas	Dizziness, unconsciousness, suffocation
Hydrogen sulfide	Toxic gas exposure	Eye/respiratory irritation, dizziness, severe toxicity at high concentrations
Vog	Fine acidic volcanic aerosols	Eye irritation, sore throat, coughing, breathing difficulties

The exact risks depend on the volcano, eruption, concentration, weather and distance from the source.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Volcanic eruptions can create hazards far beyond lava and falling rocks. Volcanic ash, sulfur dioxide and other volcanic gases can seriously affect air quality and human health.

Short-term exposure can cause eye irritation, coughing, sore throat, headaches, wheezing and breathing difficulties, while high concentrations of certain gases can cause severe respiratory distress, unconsciousness and death. People with asthma, chronic lung disease, heart conditions, young children and older adults may be particularly vulnerable.

The most effective protection is to avoid exposure. Follow official warnings, evacuate when instructed, stay indoors when advised, keep ash outside the home, use a properly fitted N95 respirator when exposure to ash cannot be avoided, protect the eyes and skin, and seek medical attention when significant symptoms occur.

Most importantly, never assume that an area is safe simply because you cannot see or smell volcanic gas. Some volcanic gases can be invisible or difficult to detect, making official warnings and evacuation instructions particularly important.

Disclaimer: This article is intended for general health and safety education. It does not replace instructions from local disaster-management authorities or professional medical advice. During an actual volcanic eruption, always prioritise official evacuation and emergency instructions.

14 September

THE DANGERS OF HAZE: CAUSES, HEALTH EFFECTS AND HOW TO PROTECT YOURSELF

Haze is an air-pollution phenomenon that occurs when large amounts of tiny particles and pollutants become suspended in the air. These particles can reduce visibility and, more importantly, may enter the respiratory system when we breathe.

In Malaysia, haze can become particularly noticeable during periods of dry weather and widespread fires. However, haze is not simply a visibility problem—it can have significant effects on human health, especially when fine particulate matter such as PM2.5 reaches high levels.

WHAT IS HAZE?

Haze refers to a condition in which large quantities of tiny particles and pollutants are present in the atmosphere.

These pollutants can include:

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5)
Larger particulate matter (PM10)
Smoke
Dust
Soot
Carbon monoxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Ozone
Other combustion-related pollutants

PM2.5 is particularly concerning because these particles are extremely small and can travel deep into the lungs. Some particles can also enter the bloodstream and contribute to cardiovascular and respiratory health problems.

WHAT CAUSES HAZE?

Haze can have natural and human-related causes. In Malaysia, common sources include open burning, industrial emissions and vehicle exhaust.

1. OPEN BURNING

Open burning is one of the major contributors to haze.

Examples include:

Burning leaves
Burning household waste
Burning agricultural waste
Clearing land by fire
Forest and peatland fires
Uncontrolled vegetation fires

Smoke from these fires contains fine particles and various gases that can significantly deteriorate air quality.

2. FOREST AND LAND FIRES

Large-scale forest, peatland and agricultural fires can generate enormous amounts of smoke.

Under dry and windy conditions, smoke can travel considerable distances and affect areas far away from the original fire.

The resulting smoke can contain large amounts of PM2.5, which is considered one of the major health concerns associated with smoke exposure.

3. VEHICLE EXHAUST

Motor vehicles are another important source of air pollution.

Cars, motorcycles, buses and heavy vehicles can release pollutants through exhaust emissions.

Heavy traffic, particularly in densely populated urban areas, can contribute to poor air quality.

4. INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS

Factories and industrial facilities may release pollutants into the atmosphere through combustion and industrial processes.

Depending on the industry and emission controls, pollutants can include particulate matter and various gases.

Industrial activities are recognised as an important source of outdoor air pollution.

5. CONSTRUCTION AND DUST

Construction activities can release large quantities of dust and particulate matter.

Examples include:

Demolition
Excavation
Road construction
Sand and soil movement
Construction vehicles

Dust particles can contribute to poor air quality, particularly around heavily developed areas.

WHY IS HAZE DANGEROUS?

The biggest concern is what happens when polluted air is repeatedly inhaled.

Fine particles can penetrate deep into the respiratory system and may contribute to inflammation and other health problems. Long- and short-term exposure to particulate pollution has been associated with respiratory and cardiovascular disease.

COMMON HEALTH EFFECTS OF HAZE

1. EYE IRRITATION

Haze can irritate the eyes.

A person may experience:

Red eyes
Watery eyes
Burning sensation
Itchy eyes
Eye discomfort

People who already have sensitive eyes may notice these symptoms more quickly.

2. NOSE AND THROAT IRRITATION

Polluted air can irritate the upper respiratory tract.

Possible symptoms include:

Runny nose
Stuffy nose
Sneezing
Dry throat
Sore throat
Throat irritation

3. COUGHING

Coughing is one of the common symptoms associated with exposure to smoke and polluted air.

The cough may be:

Dry
Persistent
Worse outdoors
Accompanied by throat irritation
More noticeable during periods of heavy haze

Smoke exposure can also increase mucus and phlegm production.

4. WHEEZING

Some people may develop wheezing, which is a high-pitched or whistling sound during breathing.

This can be particularly concerning for people with asthma or other existing respiratory conditions.

Smoke exposure can aggravate asthma and other lung diseases.

5. SHORTNESS OF BREATH

Haze can make some people feel that they are struggling to breathe or cannot get enough air.

Shortness of breath may be more noticeable when:

Walking outdoors
Exercising
Climbing stairs
Spending extended periods outside

People with existing heart or lung conditions may be particularly vulnerable.

HAZE AND ASTHMA

People with asthma can be particularly sensitive to polluted air and smoke.

Haze may trigger or worsen:

Coughing
Wheezing
Chest tightness
Shortness of breath
Asthma attacks

Anyone with asthma should follow their individual asthma management plan and reduce exposure to polluted air when haze levels are high.

EFFECTS ON THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS

Haze is not only a lung problem.

Fine particulate pollution can affect the cardiovascular system. Exposure to PM2.5 has been associated with cardiovascular effects including worsening of heart disease, heart attacks and stroke.

People with existing cardiovascular disease may therefore need to take extra precautions during severe pollution episodes.

LONG-TERM HEALTH RISKS

Repeated or prolonged exposure to air pollution can have more serious consequences.

Air pollution is associated with an increased risk of:

Chronic respiratory disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Cardiovascular disease
Stroke
Lung cancer
Respiratory infections
Premature death

WHO identifies air pollution as a major environmental health risk and notes that PM2.5 can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream.

WHO IS MOST VULNERABLE TO HAZE?

Although everyone can be affected by polluted air, certain groups are at greater risk.

These include:

Children

Children's lungs are still developing, and they may spend significant time being physically active.

Older adults

Older people may be more vulnerable because of age-related changes and existing medical conditions.

Pregnant women

Pregnancy is one of the groups that requires additional attention during significant smoke and air-pollution events.

People with asthma

Haze can aggravate asthma symptoms and increase breathing difficulties.

People with heart disease

Pollution can worsen existing cardiovascular conditions.

People with chronic lung disease

Those with COPD and other chronic respiratory illnesses may experience worsening symptoms.

Outdoor workers

People who work outdoors may receive much greater exposure because they spend many hours in polluted air.

HOW TO PROTECT YOURSELF DURING HAZE

1. CHECK THE AIR QUALITY INDEX

Monitor the local air-quality readings and health advisories.

Avoid relying solely on how the sky looks because air pollution can contain microscopic particles that cannot be seen with the naked eye.

In Malaysia, the Air Pollutant Index (API) is used to communicate air-quality conditions and associated health concerns.

2. REDUCE OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

When air quality deteriorates, reduce unnecessary outdoor activities.

This is particularly important during periods when haze is severe.

Avoid strenuous outdoor exercise because heavy breathing can increase the amount of polluted air entering the lungs.

3. KEEP WINDOWS AND DOORS CLOSED

When outdoor air is heavily polluted, keeping windows and doors closed can help reduce the amount of smoke entering the home.

Where appropriate, air conditioning can be used to maintain a more comfortable indoor environment.

EPA guidance similarly recommends staying indoors and keeping doors and windows closed during smoke events.

4. USE AN AIR PURIFIER

A properly selected air cleaner can help reduce indoor particulate pollution.

A portable air cleaner with an effective particle filter, such as a HEPA-filtered air cleaner, can be particularly useful during smoky conditions.

5. WEAR AN APPROPRIATE RESPIRATOR WHEN NECESSARY

If you must spend time outdoors during significant smoke exposure, a well-fitting respirator such as an N95 can reduce exposure to fine smoke particles when used correctly.

A loose-fitting ordinary mask may not provide the same level of protection against very fine particles.

People with heart or lung conditions who have difficulty breathing while wearing a respirator should seek medical advice regarding appropriate protection.

6. AVOID OUTDOOR EXERCISE DURING HEAVY HAZE

Running, cycling and other strenuous activities increase breathing rate.

This can increase the amount of polluted air inhaled.

Consider exercising indoors when air quality is poor.

7. DO NOT ADD MORE POLLUTION INDOORS

When haze is present, avoid activities that generate additional indoor pollution.

Examples include:

Smoking
Burning incense
Burning candles unnecessarily
Indoor burning
Using poorly ventilated combustion appliances

EPA recommends avoiding activities that add to indoor air pollution during smoke events.

8. KEEP VULNERABLE PEOPLE AWAY FROM POLLUTED AIR

During significant haze episodes, take additional precautions with:

Babies and young children
Elderly family members
Pregnant women
People with asthma
People with COPD
People with heart disease

Reducing their exposure can help lower the risk of pollution-related health effects.

WHAT SHOULD YOU DO IF YOU DEVELOP SYMPTOMS?

If you develop mild symptoms such as coughing, throat irritation or eye irritation during haze:

Move to an area with cleaner air.
Reduce outdoor activities.
Drink enough fluids.
Monitor your symptoms.
Check local air-quality information.
Follow your doctor's instructions if you have an existing respiratory or heart condition.

If symptoms persist or become worse, seek medical advice.

WHEN SHOULD YOU SEEK URGENT MEDICAL ATTENTION?

Seek urgent medical attention if you develop significant:

Difficulty breathing
Severe shortness of breath
Chest pain
Severe wheezing
Bluish lips or skin
Confusion
Fainting
Severe weakness
Rapid worsening of respiratory symptoms

People with asthma or chronic heart and lung disease should follow their personalised medical action plan and seek help if their symptoms are not responding to their prescribed treatment.

HOW CAN WE REDUCE HAZE AT ITS SOURCE?

Protecting ourselves from haze is important, but preventing haze is even more important.

1. STOP ILLEGAL OPEN BURNING

Avoid burning rubbish, leaves and agricultural waste unnecessarily.

Communities should report dangerous or illegal burning to the appropriate authorities.

2. PREVENT FOREST AND PEATLAND FIRES

Better land management, fire prevention and rapid firefighting responses can help reduce large-scale smoke events.

3. REDUCE VEHICLE EMISSIONS

Using public transportation, carpooling, walking or cycling when conditions are safe can help reduce vehicle-related emissions.

Regular vehicle maintenance can also help reduce unnecessary emissions.

4. IMPROVE INDUSTRIAL EMISSION CONTROL

Industries should comply with environmental regulations and use appropriate pollution-control technologies.

5. REDUCE WASTE BURNING

Proper waste collection, recycling and disposal can reduce the need for open burning.

HAZE IS MORE THAN JUST "BAD WEATHER"

Haze should not be viewed simply as an unpleasant period when the sky becomes grey.

The most important concern is the concentration of fine particles and other pollutants in the air we breathe. PM2.5 is particularly important because its small size allows it to penetrate deep into the lungs and potentially enter the bloodstream.

Even healthy people may experience temporary respiratory symptoms during heavy smoke exposure, while people with asthma, heart disease, chronic lung disease, children, older adults and pregnant women may face greater risks.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Haze is a serious environmental and public-health issue. Its major sources include open burning, forest and land fires, vehicle emissions, industrial activities and other combustion-related pollution.

The immediate effects can include eye irritation, coughing, throat irritation, wheezing and breathing difficulties. More serious exposure can aggravate respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, while long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with diseases such as COPD, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.

The best protection is to reduce exposure when air quality is poor: monitor air-quality information, limit outdoor activities, avoid strenuous exercise outdoors, keep polluted air outside the home, improve indoor air filtration where possible, and use an appropriate well-fitting respirator when outdoor exposure cannot be avoided.

Disclaimer: This article is for general health education and does not replace professional medical advice. If you experience severe breathing difficulty, chest pain, confusion, bluish lips or rapidly worsening symptoms during a haze episode, seek urgent medical attention.

10 September

WARNING SIGNS OF HEART DISEASE YOU SHOULD NEVER IGNORE

Heart disease refers to a group of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. It can include coronary artery disease, heart rhythm problems, heart valve disease, heart failure, and other cardiovascular conditions.

Some heart problems develop gradually and may cause subtle symptoms, while others can suddenly become life-threatening. Recognizing the warning signs is important because early medical assessment and treatment can significantly reduce the risk of serious complications.

1. CHEST PAIN OR CHEST PRESSURE

Chest discomfort is one of the most important warning signs of a possible heart problem.

It may feel like:

Pressure or tightness
Squeezing
Heaviness
Burning
Fullness
An uncomfortable sensation in the centre or left side of the chest

Some people describe it as feeling like something heavy is sitting on their chest.

Chest discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart may occur during physical activity or emotional stress and improve with rest. However, symptoms can vary considerably between individuals.

Do not ignore unexplained or severe chest discomfort.

2. PAIN THAT SPREADS TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY

Heart-related pain does not always remain in the chest.

Discomfort may spread to the:

Left or both arms
Shoulders
Back
Neck
Jaw
Upper abdomen

Sometimes the chest discomfort is mild while the pain in the jaw, back, shoulder, or arm is more noticeable.

This can make a heart problem difficult to recognize.

3. SHORTNESS OF BREATH

Unexplained shortness of breath can be an important sign of cardiovascular disease.

You may feel as though you cannot get enough air, even during relatively light activity.

In some cases, shortness of breath may occur while resting or when lying down.

It can be associated with coronary artery disease or heart failure, although lung conditions and other medical problems can cause similar symptoms.

4. UNUSUAL OR EXTREME TIREDNESS

Persistent or unusual fatigue may sometimes be associated with heart disease.

You may notice that activities that were previously easy—such as walking, climbing stairs, or doing household chores—suddenly leave you extremely tired.

Some people, particularly women, may experience unusual fatigue as one of the symptoms associated with a heart problem.

Fatigue has many possible causes, so it should be considered together with other symptoms.

5. DIZZINESS OR LIGHTHEADEDNESS

Feeling dizzy, weak, or lightheaded can sometimes occur when the heart is not pumping enough blood or when the heart rhythm becomes abnormal.

You may feel as though you are about to faint, particularly during physical activity.

Sudden or severe dizziness accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath, or a rapid or irregular heartbeat requires urgent medical attention.

6. FAINTING OR NEAR-FAINTING

Unexplained fainting should not be ignored.

A sudden loss of consciousness can sometimes be associated with an abnormal heart rhythm or another cardiovascular problem.

Fainting during exercise is particularly concerning and should be medically evaluated.

7. RAPID OR IRREGULAR HEARTBEAT

You may sometimes feel that your heart is:

Beating very fast
Pounding
Fluttering
Skipping beats
Beating irregularly

Occasional palpitations can occur for harmless reasons, such as stress, caffeine, or lack of sleep.

However, frequent, prolonged, or unexplained palpitations—especially when accompanied by dizziness, chest discomfort, or shortness of breath—should be assessed by a healthcare professional.

8. SWELLING OF THE LEGS, ANKLES, OR FEET

Swelling of the lower legs, ankles, or feet can occur when the body retains fluid.

This may be associated with heart failure, particularly when accompanied by shortness of breath, fatigue, or difficulty breathing when lying down.

However, leg swelling can also have other causes, including kidney problems, certain medications, vein problems, and prolonged standing.

9. SHORTNESS OF BREATH WHEN LYING DOWN

Some people with heart problems experience increasing difficulty breathing when lying flat.

They may need to use several pillows or sit upright to breathe more comfortably.

Waking during the night feeling suddenly short of breath can also be a warning sign of fluid buildup associated with heart failure.

10. PERSISTENT COUGH OR WHEEZING

A persistent cough or wheezing may sometimes occur when fluid accumulates in the lungs as a result of heart failure.

The cough may be worse when lying down or at night.

However, respiratory infections, asthma, allergies, and other lung conditions can produce similar symptoms.

11. COLD SWEAT OR UNUSUAL SWEATING

Sudden sweating without an obvious reason can be associated with a heart attack, particularly when it occurs together with chest discomfort, nausea, dizziness, or shortness of breath.

The sweating may feel unusually intense or may occur even when the environment is not hot.

This symptom should be taken seriously when it appears suddenly.

12. NAUSEA OR VOMITING

Nausea and vomiting can sometimes occur during a heart attack.

These symptoms may be mistaken for food poisoning, indigestion, or stomach problems.

Heart-related symptoms are not always dramatic, and some people—especially women—may experience nausea, fatigue, shortness of breath, or back and jaw discomfort rather than severe chest pain.

13. INDIGESTION OR A BURNING SENSATION

Some heart-related discomfort can feel similar to indigestion or heartburn.

You may experience an uncomfortable burning, pressure, or fullness in the chest or upper abdomen.

Because heart-related symptoms can resemble digestive problems, persistent or unexplained discomfort should not automatically be assumed to be indigestion.

14. REDUCED ABILITY TO EXERCISE

A gradual decrease in exercise tolerance can be an important warning sign.

For example, you may notice that you become breathless or tired after walking a distance that previously caused no problems.

You may also need to stop more frequently when climbing stairs or performing physical activities.

A noticeable unexplained change in exercise capacity deserves medical assessment.

15. PAIN OR PRESSURE DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Chest discomfort, pressure, breathlessness, or unusual fatigue that repeatedly occurs during exercise or physical exertion may indicate that the heart is not receiving enough oxygen-rich blood.

The symptoms may improve after stopping the activity.

This pattern can occur with angina, which may be a warning sign of coronary artery disease.

16. HEARTBEAT CHANGES AT REST

Noticeable changes in your heartbeat while sitting or resting may sometimes indicate an abnormal heart rhythm.

Pay attention if your heartbeat suddenly becomes very fast, unusually slow, or irregular without an obvious explanation.

If this occurs together with fainting, chest pain, severe dizziness, or difficulty breathing, seek urgent medical attention.

17. PAIN OR DISCOMFORT IN THE UPPER BODY WITHOUT OBVIOUS CAUSE

Not every heart problem causes classic chest pain.

Some people may experience unexplained discomfort in the:

Upper back
Shoulders
Neck
Jaw
Upper abdomen

This is particularly important when the discomfort occurs together with sweating, nausea, weakness, or shortness of breath.

18. SYMPTOMS THAT ARE MORE NOTICEABLE DURING ACTIVITY

Some cardiovascular problems become more apparent when the heart has to work harder.

Warning signs may include:

Breathlessness while walking
Chest pressure when climbing stairs
Unusual fatigue during exercise
Dizziness during physical activity
Heart palpitations during exertion

These symptoms should be discussed with a healthcare professional rather than simply attributed to being unfit.

HEART DISEASE CAN SOMETIMES HAVE NO OBVIOUS SYMPTOMS

One of the most important things to understand is that heart disease does not always produce obvious warning signs.

Some people may have cardiovascular disease without experiencing significant symptoms until the condition becomes more advanced or an acute event occurs.

Regular health checks can therefore be important, particularly for people with cardiovascular risk factors.

IMPORTANT RISK FACTORS FOR HEART DISEASE

The risk of developing heart disease can increase with factors such as:

High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Diabetes
Smoking
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Unhealthy diet
Excessive alcohol consumption
Increasing age
Family history of cardiovascular disease
Certain chronic medical conditions

Having one or more risk factors does not mean that you definitely have heart disease, but it makes preventive care and regular health assessment more important.

HEART ATTACK WARNING SIGNS

A heart attack can occur when blood flow to part of the heart muscle becomes severely reduced or blocked.

Possible warning signs include:

Chest pressure, squeezing, or discomfort
Pain spreading to the arm, back, neck, jaw, or upper abdomen
Shortness of breath
Cold sweating
Nausea or vomiting
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Unusual weakness or fatigue

Symptoms can vary between people, and not everyone experiences severe chest pain.

WHEN SHOULD YOU SEEK EMERGENCY MEDICAL HELP?

Call your local emergency service immediately if you experience symptoms that could indicate a heart attack, particularly:

Severe or persistent chest pressure or pain
Chest discomfort accompanied by shortness of breath
Chest pain spreading to the arm, jaw, back, neck, or shoulder
Sudden cold sweating
Fainting or severe dizziness
Severe difficulty breathing
Sudden unexplained weakness accompanied by other concerning symptoms

In Malaysia, the emergency number is 999.

Do not drive yourself to the hospital if you may be having a heart attack. Seek emergency medical assistance.

HEART DISEASE IN WOMEN

Heart disease can present differently in women.

Women may experience classic chest discomfort, but they may also experience symptoms such as:

Unusual fatigue
Shortness of breath
Nausea
Back or jaw discomfort
Dizziness
Sweating
Indigestion-like discomfort

Because these symptoms can easily be mistaken for other problems, unexplained or sudden symptoms should be taken seriously.

HEART DISEASE IN OLDER ADULTS AND PEOPLE WITH DIABETES

Older adults and people with diabetes may sometimes experience less typical symptoms.

Some may have shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue, dizziness, or mild discomfort rather than obvious chest pain.

This makes awareness of changes in normal physical ability particularly important.

HOW TO REDUCE YOUR RISK OF HEART DISEASE

Several lifestyle measures can help reduce cardiovascular risk:

Maintain a healthy body weight.
Eat a balanced diet rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and other nutritious foods.
Limit excessive saturated fat, trans fat, salt, and added sugar.
Exercise regularly according to your health condition.
Do not smoke.
Manage blood pressure and cholesterol.
Keep diabetes under good control if you have it.
Get adequate sleep.
Manage stress in healthy ways.
Attend recommended medical check-ups.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Heart disease does not always begin with dramatic symptoms. Chest discomfort, shortness of breath, unusual fatigue, dizziness, palpitations, swelling of the legs, and reduced exercise tolerance can all be possible warning signs depending on the type of heart condition.

Most importantly, sudden chest pressure or pain, difficulty breathing, cold sweating, fainting, or pain spreading to the arm, jaw, back, or neck can be signs of a heart attack and require emergency medical attention.

Do not ignore unusual symptoms simply because they are mild. Early medical assessment can help identify cardiovascular problems and allow appropriate treatment to begin.

Important: The symptoms described in this article can have many different causes. This information is for general educational purposes and does not replace examination, diagnosis, or treatment by a qualified healthcare professional.

EARLY SIGNS YOU MAY BE DEVELOPING RUBELLA

Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious viral infection caused by the rubella virus. It is usually a mild illness, especially in children, but it can be particularly serious during pregnancy because infection can affect an unborn baby.

Rubella spreads mainly through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Some infected people may have very mild symptoms or no symptoms at all.

Recognizing the possible early signs can help people seek medical advice and take steps to prevent spreading the infection.

1. MILD FEVER

A mild fever can be one of the early symptoms of rubella.

The temperature may not be very high and can sometimes be difficult to notice, particularly in adults. Fever may occur before the characteristic rash appears.

A mild fever accompanied by swollen lymph nodes and a developing rash should be medically assessed.

2. SWOLLEN LYMPH NODES

One of the more characteristic signs of rubella is swollen and tender lymph nodes, particularly behind the ears and at the back of the neck.

The lymph nodes may become enlarged and painful when touched.

This swelling can sometimes appear before the skin rash and may continue for several days.

3. RASH ON THE FACE

A pink or reddish rash is a well-known symptom of rubella.

The rash often begins on the face, particularly around the hairline or behind the ears, before spreading to other parts of the body.

It may look like small pink or reddish spots that can eventually cover larger areas of skin.

4. RASH THAT SPREADS DOWN THE BODY

After appearing on the face, the rash can spread relatively quickly to the:

Neck
Chest
Arms
Trunk
Legs

The rash is usually more noticeable during the first few days and gradually fades.

Not everyone with rubella develops a prominent rash, which can make the infection difficult to recognize based on appearance alone.

5. SORE OR RED EYES

Rubella can cause mild eye symptoms.

The eyes may appear:

Red
Watery
Irritated
Sensitive to light

These symptoms can sometimes resemble those associated with other viral infections.

6. RUNNY OR STUFFY NOSE

A runny or blocked nose may occur during rubella.

This can make the illness initially appear similar to a common cold or another respiratory infection.

Nasal symptoms may occur together with a mild fever, headache, and general tiredness.

7. SORE THROAT

Some people with rubella develop a sore or irritated throat.

The discomfort may be mild and can occur alongside other cold-like symptoms.

A sore throat alone is not a specific sign of rubella because many viral and bacterial infections can cause it.

8. HEADACHE

Headaches may occur during the early stages of rubella.

The headache may be mild or moderate and can occur together with fever, tiredness, or general discomfort.

Because headaches are common with many illnesses, they should be considered together with other symptoms.

9. TIREDNESS AND WEAKNESS

Feeling unusually tired is another possible sign.

You may notice reduced energy, difficulty concentrating, or a greater need for rest.

This can occur before or during the appearance of the rash.

10. JOINT PAIN AND ACHES

Joint pain is particularly common in adolescent and adult women with rubella.

The discomfort may affect several joints, including the:

Fingers
Wrists
Knees
Ankles

Joint symptoms can sometimes continue after other symptoms have improved.

11. MUSCLE ACHES

Some people may experience mild muscle aches or general body discomfort.

This can occur as the immune system responds to the viral infection.

Muscle aches are not specific to rubella and can occur with many other viral illnesses.

12. LOSS OF APPETITE

A person with rubella may experience a temporary reduction in appetite.

Food may seem less appealing, especially when fever, sore throat, headache, or general discomfort is present.

Maintaining adequate fluid intake is important during an illness.

13. NAUSEA OR GENERAL STOMACH DISCOMFORT

Some people may experience mild nausea or general stomach discomfort.

These symptoms are less characteristic of rubella but can occur as part of a viral illness.

Persistent vomiting, severe abdominal pain, or dehydration should be medically evaluated.

14. GENERAL FEELING OF BEING UNWELL

Before the rash appears, rubella may cause a general feeling of illness.

You may feel:

Tired
Weak
Feverish
Achy
Generally uncomfortable

Because these symptoms are nonspecific, rubella may initially be mistaken for a common cold or another viral infection.

15. SYMPTOMS AFTER CONTACT WITH AN INFECTED PERSON

Exposure history can be important when considering rubella.

After infection, symptoms generally develop within approximately 12–23 days, with around 14–17 days being typical.

If you develop a rash, fever, swollen lymph nodes, or other symptoms after being exposed to someone with suspected or confirmed rubella, contact a healthcare professional.

Avoid close contact with others until you receive appropriate medical advice.

RUBELLA CAN SOMETIMES CAUSE FEW OR NO SYMPTOMS

Not everyone infected with rubella develops obvious symptoms.

Some people may experience only mild symptoms, while others may have no noticeable symptoms at all.

This is important because a person without an obvious rash can still transmit the virus.

RUBELLA IN ADULTS

Adults can experience more noticeable symptoms than young children.

In particular, adults may develop:

Joint pain
Headache
Fever
Fatigue
Swollen lymph nodes
Skin rash

Joint pain can sometimes be particularly troublesome in adult women.

RUBELLA DURING PREGNANCY

Rubella is especially important during pregnancy.

If a pregnant woman becomes infected, particularly during the early stages of pregnancy, the virus can cross the placenta and seriously affect the developing baby.

This can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), which may lead to problems such as:

Hearing impairment
Eye abnormalities
Heart defects
Developmental problems
Other serious complications

If you are pregnant and think you may have been exposed to rubella or develop a suspicious rash, contact your healthcare professional promptly.

Do not wait for symptoms to become severe.

HOW IS RUBELLA DIFFERENT FROM MEASLES?

Rubella and measles are different viral infections, although both can cause fever and a skin rash.

Rubella often causes a relatively mild illness, with swollen lymph nodes behind the ears or at the back of the neck being a useful clinical clue.

Measles commonly causes a higher fever and more prominent respiratory symptoms, including cough, runny nose, and red eyes.

However, symptoms can overlap, so laboratory testing may be needed to confirm the diagnosis.

WHEN SHOULD YOU SEE A DOCTOR?

Seek medical advice if you develop:

An unexplained pink or reddish rash
Swollen lymph nodes behind the ears or in the neck
Fever accompanied by a rash
Significant joint pain
Symptoms following known exposure to rubella
Symptoms during pregnancy after possible exposure

If you suspect rubella, contact the healthcare facility before visiting in person. This allows healthcare staff to advise you on how to reduce the risk of exposing other people.

HOW TO PREVENT RUBELLA

The most effective way to prevent rubella is vaccination.

The MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella.

Other preventive measures include:

Avoiding close contact with people who may be infected.
Covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
Washing your hands regularly.
Avoiding sharing drinks, utensils, or personal items.
Following medical advice if rubella is suspected or confirmed.
Checking vaccination status, particularly before pregnancy.

The MMR vaccine is a live vaccine and is generally not given during pregnancy. People planning pregnancy should discuss vaccination status with their healthcare professional beforehand.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Rubella can begin with mild, nonspecific symptoms such as low-grade fever, headache, tiredness, runny nose, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.

The most recognizable symptom is often a pink or reddish rash that begins on the face and spreads down the body. Joint pain can also be an important symptom, particularly among adult women.

Because rubella can be dangerous during pregnancy and infected people may have few or no symptoms, suspected cases should be medically assessed.

Important: The symptoms described above can occur with many other illnesses. This article is for general health information and does not replace professional medical diagnosis or treatment.

EARLY SIGNS YOU MAY BE DEVELOPING MUMPS

Mumps is a contagious viral infection caused by the mumps virus. It mainly affects the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands, which are located in front of and below the ears.

Mumps can begin with symptoms that look similar to a common viral infection. Recognizing the early warning signs may help you seek medical advice and reduce the risk of spreading the infection to others.

1. SWELLING AROUND THE CHEEKS OR JAW

One of the most characteristic signs of mumps is swelling of the salivary glands.

The swelling usually occurs around the cheeks and the area just below or in front of the ears. It can make the face appear fuller or swollen on one or both sides.

The swelling may develop gradually rather than appearing suddenly.

2. PAIN OR TENDERNESS NEAR THE EARS

Before or together with visible swelling, you may experience pain, tenderness, or discomfort around the ears and jaw.

The area may feel sore when touched, particularly around the parotid glands.

This discomfort can sometimes be mistaken for an earache or tooth problem.

3. FEVER

Fever is a common early symptom of mumps.

The temperature may rise as the body's immune system responds to the viral infection. Fever may occur before the characteristic facial swelling becomes obvious.

Fever accompanied by swelling around the jaw or cheeks should be medically assessed, particularly if you have been exposed to someone with mumps.

4. HEADACHE

A headache may occur during the early stage of mumps.

It can occur together with fever, tiredness, muscle aches, and a general feeling of being unwell.

Because headaches are common with many viral infections, a headache alone does not indicate that a person has mumps.

5. TIREDNESS AND LOW ENERGY

Feeling unusually tired or weak can be an early sign of a viral infection.

You may feel less energetic than usual and may want to rest more frequently.

This can occur before the more recognizable swelling of the salivary glands develops.

6. LOSS OF APPETITE

Some people with mumps experience a reduced appetite.

You may not feel interested in food, particularly when eating becomes uncomfortable because of pain or swelling around the jaw.

Drinking enough fluids is important, especially if fever is present.

7. PAIN WHEN CHEWING

As the salivary glands become inflamed, chewing may become uncomfortable or painful.

You may notice that the pain is worse when eating foods that require a lot of chewing.

The jaw may feel stiff, sore, or uncomfortable during meals.

8. PAIN WHEN SWALLOWING

Swallowing may become uncomfortable because of inflammation and swelling around the salivary glands.

Some people may experience pain when swallowing food or drinks.

If swallowing becomes very difficult or you are unable to maintain adequate fluid intake, medical attention should be sought.

9. DRY MOUTH

Inflammation of the salivary glands can sometimes affect normal saliva production.

As a result, your mouth may feel unusually dry.

You may also notice that eating or swallowing feels less comfortable than usual.

10. MUSCLE ACHES AND BODY PAIN

Mumps can cause generalized muscle aches and body discomfort.

You may experience soreness in the muscles or feel as though you are coming down with a flu-like illness.

These symptoms are usually nonspecific and can occur with many other viral infections.

11. SORE THROAT OR GENERAL THROAT DISCOMFORT

Some people may experience throat discomfort during mumps.

This can occur together with swollen salivary glands, fever, and difficulty chewing or swallowing.

A sore throat by itself, however, is much more commonly caused by other infections or conditions.

12. SWELLING THAT MAKES THE JAWLINE LESS VISIBLE

As the parotid glands become swollen, the normal shape of the jaw and cheeks may become less defined.

The face may look puffy, particularly around the lower cheeks and the area below the ears.

The swelling can occur on one side or both sides.

13. PAIN OR DISCOMFORT WHEN EATING

People with mumps may notice that eating becomes uncomfortable.

Chewing, swallowing, or stimulating saliva production can sometimes increase pain around the swollen salivary glands.

You may therefore prefer soft foods and may eat less than usual.

14. FEELING GENERALLY UNWELL

Before the classic facial swelling appears, mumps can cause a general feeling of illness.

You may experience a combination of:

Fever
Headache
Tiredness
Muscle aches
Loss of appetite
General weakness

These early symptoms can resemble other viral infections.

15. SYMPTOMS AFTER CONTACT WITH SOMEONE WHO HAS MUMPS

Exposure history is particularly important.

Mumps spreads through respiratory droplets and saliva from an infected person. If you have recently been in close contact with someone who has mumps and subsequently develop fever, headache, tiredness, or swelling around the jaw and cheeks, you should contact a healthcare professional.

Symptoms typically develop around 12–25 days after infection, with an average incubation period of approximately 16–18 days.

WHEN DOES THE CLASSIC MUMPS SWELLING APPEAR?

The characteristic swelling of the parotid glands commonly develops after the initial flu-like symptoms.

The swelling may begin on one side and later affect the other side, although not everyone develops swelling on both sides.

The swollen area can be painful and may make the cheeks and jaw look noticeably enlarged.

HOW LONG DOES MUMPS USUALLY LAST?

Mumps symptoms generally improve over several days to a couple of weeks.

The swelling of the salivary glands often lasts for several days and gradually decreases as the infection resolves.

Recovery can vary from person to person.

Because mumps is caused by a virus, antibiotics do not treat the mumps virus itself.

MUMPS CAN OCCUR WITHOUT OBVIOUS SWELLING

It is important to remember that not everyone infected with the mumps virus develops the classic swollen cheeks.

Some people may have mild symptoms, while others may have no noticeable symptoms at all.

This is one reason why exposure history and medical assessment can be important when mumps is suspected.

POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS OF MUMPS

Although most people recover without serious problems, mumps can occasionally cause complications.

Possible complications include:

Inflammation of the testicles (orchitis)
Inflammation of the ovaries (oophoritis)
Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Hearing problems or, rarely, permanent hearing loss

Complications are more likely to require medical attention, particularly in adolescents and adults.

WHEN SHOULD YOU SEE A DOCTOR?

Seek medical advice if you develop symptoms suggestive of mumps, especially:

Swelling around the cheeks, jaw, or ears
Fever together with facial swelling
Significant pain when chewing or swallowing
Symptoms after known exposure to someone with mumps
Severe headache or unusual sensitivity to light
Severe vomiting
Confusion or unusual drowsiness
Neck stiffness
Significant abdominal pain
Pain or swelling of the testicles

If you suspect that you have mumps, contact the healthcare facility before arriving so they can advise you on how to avoid exposing other patients and healthcare workers.

HOW TO HELP PREVENT THE SPREAD OF MUMPS

Mumps is highly contagious. If mumps is suspected or confirmed, follow medical advice regarding staying away from other people.

Helpful measures include:

Avoid close contact with others while infectious.
Do not share cups, bottles, utensils, or other items that may be contaminated with saliva.
Cover coughs and sneezes.
Wash your hands regularly.
Follow isolation recommendations from your healthcare professional.
Make sure you and your family members are appropriately vaccinated.

The MMR vaccine provides protection against mumps as well as measles and rubella.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Mumps can initially look like an ordinary viral illness. Fever, headache, tiredness, muscle aches, and loss of appetite may appear before the more recognizable symptoms.

The classic warning sign is painful swelling of the salivary glands around the cheeks, jaw, and area in front of or below the ears. Pain when chewing or swallowing and a dry mouth may also occur.

Because mumps is contagious and can occasionally cause complications, anyone who develops characteristic facial swelling particularly after possible exposure should seek medical advice and take steps to avoid spreading the infection to others.

Important: Symptoms can overlap with many other illnesses. This article is for general health information and does not replace diagnosis or advice from a qualified healthcare professional.

09 September

EARLY SIGNS YOU MAY BE DEVELOPING SINUSITIS

Sinusitis is a condition in which the tissues lining the sinuses become inflamed or swollen. It can develop after a common cold, because of allergies, nasal irritation, or other conditions that prevent the sinuses from draining properly.

Recognizing the early warning signs can help you manage the symptoms before they become more severe.

1. NASAL CONGESTION OR A BLOCKED NOSE

One of the most common early signs of sinusitis is a stuffy or blocked nose.

Inflammation inside the nasal passages and sinuses can make it difficult for air to move normally through the nose. You may feel as though your nose is constantly blocked, especially when lying down or sleeping.

You may also notice that you need to breathe through your mouth more often.

2. THICK NASAL DISCHARGE

Another common warning sign is thick mucus coming from the nose.

The mucus may become thicker than usual and can sometimes appear yellowish or greenish. You may also feel mucus draining from the back of your nose into your throat.

However, colored mucus alone does not necessarily mean that you have a bacterial infection. Sinusitis can be caused by viruses, allergies, or other factors.

3. POSTNASAL DRIP

Postnasal drip occurs when mucus continuously drains from the back of the nose into the throat.

You may feel something dripping or collecting at the back of your throat, particularly when lying down. This can cause frequent throat clearing, coughing, or an unpleasant sensation in the throat.

Postnasal drip can also make your throat feel irritated.

4. PRESSURE OR PAIN AROUND THE FACE

Sinus inflammation can cause pressure or discomfort around areas such as:

The forehead
Cheeks
Nose
Between the eyes
Around the eyes

The discomfort may become more noticeable when bending forward, coughing, or making sudden movements.

Some people describe the sensation as heaviness or pressure rather than sharp pain.

5. HEADACHE OR A HEAVY FEELING IN THE HEAD

Sinus problems can sometimes be accompanied by a headache or a feeling of heaviness in the head.

The discomfort may occur around the forehead, nose, cheeks, or behind the eyes. It may feel worse when you bend forward.

However, headaches have many possible causes, including migraine and tension headaches, so a headache by itself does not necessarily mean sinusitis.

6. REDUCED SENSE OF SMELL

Inflammation and congestion can interfere with the normal flow of air to the smell receptors inside the nose.

As a result, you may notice that:

Food smells weaker
Perfume is harder to detect
You cannot smell certain odors properly
Food may seem to have less flavor

A temporary reduction in the sense of smell can occur with colds and other respiratory infections as well.

7. FACIAL TENDERNESS

The areas around the cheeks, forehead, nose, or eyes may feel tender or uncomfortable.

You may notice increased sensitivity when touching certain areas of your face. This can happen because the tissues surrounding the inflamed sinuses are irritated.

8. COUGH, ESPECIALLY AT NIGHT

A persistent cough can occur when mucus drains down the back of the throat.

This may be particularly noticeable at night when you are lying down. Some people may wake up because of coughing or experience repeated throat irritation.

If a cough persists for a long time or is accompanied by breathing difficulties, medical evaluation is recommended because there are many other possible causes.

9. BAD BREATH

Bad breath, also known as halitosis, can sometimes occur when sinus problems cause mucus to accumulate in the nasal passages and throat.

Mouth breathing caused by nasal congestion can also make the mouth dry, which may contribute to unpleasant breath.

Persistent bad breath, however, can also be caused by dental problems, gum disease, dry mouth, or other conditions.

10. SORE OR IRRITATED THROAT

Continuous postnasal drainage can irritate the throat.

You may experience:

A scratchy throat
Mild soreness
Frequent throat clearing
A sensation of mucus stuck in the throat

This irritation may become more noticeable in the morning or after lying down for several hours.

11. FATIGUE AND FEELING UNWELL

Sinusitis can make you feel tired or generally unwell.

Nasal congestion, poor sleep, headaches, facial pressure, and an ongoing cough can make it difficult to rest properly. As a result, you may feel less energetic during the day.

Fatigue is a nonspecific symptom, so it should be considered together with other symptoms.

12. TOOTH OR UPPER JAW PAIN

Some people with sinus inflammation experience discomfort in the upper teeth or jaw.

This is because the roots of some upper teeth are located close to the maxillary sinuses. Pressure or inflammation in this area can sometimes be perceived as tooth pain.

If you have persistent or severe tooth pain, it is important to see a dentist as well, because dental infections can produce similar symptoms.

13. EAR PRESSURE OR A BLOCKED EAR FEELING

Sinus and nasal congestion can sometimes affect pressure around the ears.

You may experience:

A feeling of fullness in the ear
Mild ear pressure
Popping sensations
A temporary feeling that your hearing is muffled

These symptoms can also occur with colds, allergies, or problems involving the Eustachian tubes.

14. SYMPTOMS THAT GET WORSE AFTER A COLD

Sinusitis may develop after a respiratory infection such as a common cold.

A possible warning pattern is when you initially begin to feel better from a cold but then develop worsening nasal congestion, facial pressure, thick nasal discharge, or other symptoms.

Another concerning pattern is symptoms that persist instead of gradually improving.

15. FEVER

Some people with sinusitis may develop a fever, particularly when an infection is present.

However, fever is not present in every case. A high or persistent fever, especially when accompanied by severe facial pain or significant worsening symptoms, should be medically assessed.

WHEN SHOULD YOU SEE A DOCTOR?

Many sinus symptoms can overlap with the common cold and allergies. You should consider seeking medical advice if your symptoms:

Persist for more than about 10 days without improvement
Become significantly worse after initially improving
Are severe or interfere with daily activities
Include persistent or severe facial pain
Include a persistent fever
Keep coming back frequently
Cause significant swelling around the eyes

Seek urgent medical attention if you develop severe swelling or redness around the eye, vision changes, severe headache, confusion, neck stiffness, or other serious symptoms.

SINUSITIS VS. A COMMON COLD

Sinusitis and the common cold can look very similar in the beginning.

A cold commonly causes a runny or blocked nose, sneezing, sore throat, cough, and general tiredness. Sinusitis is more likely to involve persistent nasal congestion, facial pressure or pain, thick nasal drainage, reduced smell, and symptoms that persist or worsen rather than gradually improving.

Still, symptoms alone cannot always determine the exact cause.

HOW TO REDUCE THE RISK OF SINUS PROBLEMS

Some simple habits may help reduce nasal and sinus irritation:

Drink enough fluids.
Get adequate rest.
Avoid cigarette smoke and other respiratory irritants.
Manage known allergies appropriately.
Wash your hands regularly to reduce the spread of respiratory infections.
Use a humidifier if the air is very dry, while keeping the device clean.
Consider saline nasal irrigation when appropriate and use safe, properly prepared water.

If symptoms are persistent or recurrent, a healthcare professional can help determine whether allergies, nasal polyps, structural nasal problems, or another condition may be contributing.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Sinusitis can begin with symptoms that seem similar to an ordinary cold or allergy. A blocked nose, thick nasal mucus, postnasal drip, facial pressure, headache, reduced sense of smell, cough, and fatigue are among the symptoms that may occur.

The most important factor is the pattern and duration of symptoms. Symptoms that persist, become severe, or worsen after initially improving deserve medical attention.

Do not rely solely on the color of nasal mucus to determine whether you have a bacterial infection. A healthcare professional can assess your symptoms and determine the most appropriate treatment.